quantum states

In quantum physics, the quantum state indicates a probability for the possible measurement results and is mathematically described by the so-called wave function. It is not unique, but ultimately encompasses the entire range of possible measurement results. Quantum computers use the interaction of such quantum mechanical states, which are described in terms of probabilities.

Here is a brief overview of quantum states that play a role in the description of quantum systems:

• Quantum Coherence: This state refers to the stability and precision of a quantum system. It is achieved when its components remain in phase independently of their distance from each other. Coherent states are important for technologies such as quantum computers and quantum communication, as they explain the behavior of particles and their interactions.
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• ‍Superposition: Superposition is a fundamental concept in quantum physics. The idea of superposition states that a quantum system is not limited to one of the basis states but can exist in a state that represents a combination of different basis states. Consequently, a quantum object can simultaneously be in several different states. This ability opens the possibility to perform multiple calculations in parallel and is of great importance for quantum computers and quantum algorithms, as it allows finding many possible solutions to a problem simultaneously.

• Quantum Entanglement & Particle Spin: Spin is a fundamental feature of particles that significantly influences their behavior in the microscopic world. A quantum state can also refer to the spin of a particle. Spin can exist in various orientations and is quantized, meaning it can only take certain discrete values. The magnetic moment generated by spin can be utilized when it interacts with external magnetic fields, and the spin of two particles can be entangled in a way that changes in the spin of one particle have immediate effects on the spin of the other. This is an important aspect concerning quantum entanglement.
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• Photon States: Quantum optics deals with the states of photons, such as Fock states, which describe the number of photons in a system. They are applied when investigating interactions of photons in quantum optical systems, such as lasers or quantum communication. Thus, probabilities and states of photons in a system can be described and predicted.
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• Position and Momentum: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is of great significance in quantum physics. It demonstrates that there is a fundamental limit to simultaneously measuring the position and momentum of a particle, leading to uncertainty in the states of a particle."

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